In Scotland’s diverse natural landscape, squirrels are a common sight — but not all squirrels are viewed equally.
The native red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and the non-native grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) occupy overlapping territories, yet have vastly different impacts on the environment.
For pest control professionals, homeowners, and land managers, understanding the distinction between the two species is crucial when considering action.
The Red Squirrel: A Protected Native
Red squirrels are Scotland’s original squirrel species, easily identified by their russet fur, ear tufts, and smaller size. They are a cherished part of the country’s biodiversity and are legally protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. This means:
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It is illegal to intentionally harm or kill red squirrels.
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Their nests, or dreys, must not be disturbed.
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Pest control efforts must take care not to affect red squirrel populations.
Red squirrels are found mainly in the Highlands, parts of the Central Belt, and in selected conservation zones where grey squirrels have not yet taken over.
The Grey Squirrel: An Invasive Threat
Grey squirrels were introduced from North America in the late 19th century. Larger and more adaptable than their red counterparts, grey squirrels have become the dominant species across much of the UK. In Scotland, they are mainly found in the Central Belt and southern regions, but their range continues to spread.
From a pest control perspective, grey squirrels are a concern because:
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They outcompete red squirrels for food and habitat.
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They carry squirrelpox virus, which is deadly to red squirrels but harmless to greys.
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In urban areas, they often enter roof spaces, causing damage to insulation, wires, and wooden structures.
Under Scottish law, grey squirrels do not have the same protections as reds. In fact, it is illegal to release a captured grey squirrel back into the wild. Humane dispatch is required.
Pest Control Best Practices
When dealing with squirrel activity, here are the key considerations:
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Species Identification
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Always confirm whether you’re dealing with red or grey squirrels before taking any action. This may require visual confirmation or motion-activated cameras in rural areas.
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Legal Compliance
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For red squirrels, no pest control measures should be taken without specialist advice. Contact NatureScot or a licensed wildlife expert.
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For grey squirrels, trapping and removal are permitted, but must be carried out humanely and in accordance with wildlife laws.
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Prevention First
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Ensure entry points to lofts and attics are sealed.
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Trim overhanging branches near properties.
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Remove outdoor food sources like bird feeders if squirrels are becoming a nuisance.
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Work with Professionals
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A licensed pest control expert can provide species identification, humane removal, and advice on long-term prevention — essential for complying with the law and protecting Scotland’s native wildlife.
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Conservation and Community Efforts
Across Scotland, various organisations are working to protect red squirrels and manage grey populations. Initiatives like Saving Scotland’s Red Squirrels (SSRS) aim to monitor populations, engage the public, and implement grey squirrel control in key buffer zones.
Homeowners and landowners can contribute by reporting sightings, supporting habitat restoration, and avoiding actions that could harm red squirrel populations.
Conclusion
Squirrels in Scotland are more than a woodland curiosity — they’re a frontline issue in the battle between invasive species and native wildlife.
While grey squirrels may be considered pests in both urban and rural settings, red squirrels are a protected species that require careful consideration.
Responsible pest control starts with knowing the difference, staying informed about legal obligations, and working in partnership with wildlife agencies.
If in doubt, always consult a professional. Scotland’s squirrel populations — and the ecosystems they inhabit — depend on it.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is the difference between grey squirrels and red squirrels in Scotland?
Red squirrels are the native species in Scotland and are smaller, with reddish-brown fur and tufted ears. Grey squirrels are an introduced non-native species, larger in size, and now more common in many urban and woodland areas across the UK.
Why are grey squirrels considered a pest in some areas?
Grey squirrels are often classed as a pest because they can damage trees, strip bark, raid bird feeders, and enter loft spaces in homes. They also compete with red squirrels for food and habitat, which has contributed to the decline of the native red squirrel population.
Are red squirrels protected in Scotland?
Yes. Red squirrels are a protected species in Scotland under wildlife legislation. This means they and their nests (dreys) must not be harmed or disturbed, and any control measures in an area must take their presence into account.
Why are grey squirrels more successful in many parts of Scotland?
Grey squirrels are more adaptable and can thrive in a wider range of habitats, including urban environments. They also carry squirrelpox, a disease that does not affect them but is often fatal to red squirrels, giving them a competitive advantage.
Can squirrels cause damage to homes?
Yes. Grey squirrels in particular may enter roof spaces and lofts where they can chew wood, insulation, and electrical wiring. This can lead to structural damage, noise disturbances, and in some cases fire risks.
What is the most important factor in managing squirrel problems?
Correct identification is key, especially in areas where both species may be present. Because red squirrels are protected, any pest control approach must avoid harming them. Professional assessment helps ensure any management is legal, targeted, and effective.
